More Reconstruction

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

13th
The Thirteenth amendment outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. Involuntary servitude is forcing a person into labor that will benefit another person. 
14th
This amendment grants citizenship to those who are born in the United States and also former slaves freed after the civil war.
15th
This amendment states that any male, if they are a citizen of the United States, regardless of race, has the right to vote.

Henry McNeal Turner and black legislators
Henry McNeal Turner was born free on February 1, 1834, in South Carolina. He was very interested in being a minister throughout his childhood and when he was just 14 years old he vowed to become a pastor. When he was 19, he received his preachers license. He worked at a church in St. Louis for many years. In 1865, Turner was appointed to the Freedman's Bureau in Georgia and settled down in Macon. Shortly after this, in 1868, Turner was elected to the Georgia legislature and helped to form the republican party of Georgia. 

At this time, however, the Democratic party controlled the Georgia legislature and refused to seat Turner and the 26 other newly elected black republicans. Afterwards, the federal government protested and Turner, as well as the other black legislators were able to be seated.

Henry McNeal Turner

http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/gastudiesimages/Henry%20McNeal%20Turner.htm

Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan was an anti-black hate group that was started in the Reconstruction Era by six white Confederate veterans in Pulaski, Tennessee. The purpose of the KKK was to restore white supremacy in the United States. 

The Klan used public violence against blacks as intimidation and they also committed many violent acts such as burning homes, lynching black people and leaving their dead bodies on the road.  The KKK was active throughout the states of the former Confederacy.

Members of the Ku Klux Klan

 http://kukluxklan.net/terrorism/ku-klux-klan-acts-of-terror

Video: Brief History on the Ku Klux Klan

Reconstruction

Freedman's Bureau
Freedman's Bureau was a US government agency dedicated to helping out newly freed families in the south. The Bureau was headed by Union army general Oliver O. Howard and it lasted from 1865 to 1872, which was during the reconstuction era. In 1969, the Bureau lost funding from the US government and was forced to cut staff. After this, the Bureau was not as effective. 

Oliver O. Howard

http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/biographies/oliver-howard.html

Freedman's Bureau encouraged urged African Americans to gain employment, pushing blacks and whites to work as employers and employees, and no longer as masters and slaves. In addition, the Bureau met the needs of blacks through distribution of clothing, water, health care and jobs, among many other things. The Bureau gave away 15 million rations of food to African Americans over time.

The Bureau is most widely recognized for its help in improving the education of black people. The Bureau spent $5 million creating public schools for blacks. The attendance rates at these schools was about 80% and by the end of 1865, 90,000 former slaves were enrolled public schools. The schools were so successful that the Bureau created their own textbook. 

One of the Many Schools created because of The Freedman's Bureau

http://www.trinityhistory.org/AmH/u7maps.htm

Sharecropping and Tenant Farming

Sharecropping and Tenant farming were both ways for newly freed blacks to make money and use the skills they already had from working on plantations as slaves. 

Sharecropping was a system of agriculture where the landowner would would allow the tenant land and the landowner got a portion of the crops produced in the land. The system was not as good as it seemed to be, though, because the average sharecropping plantation went into bankruptcy every twenty years. Sharecropping was very popular even long after the Civil War, during the Great Depression. In the early 1930's, there were around 5.5 million white sharecroppers and 3 million black sharecroppers in the United States. 

Sharecropping in the 1930's

http://2009greatdepression.wikispaces.com/Sharecroppers+in+the+1930s

In my opinion, tenant farming is a much better option than sharecropping. Tenant farming is where a tenant pays rent on the land and can keep all the crops produced.    

Other Reconstruction Plans
After Abraham Lincoln was murdered, his vice president, Andrew Johnson, became president. Lincoln had big plans for reconstruction, but Johnson did not carry them out. There was a group of people in Congress around the same time Johnson was called the "Radical Republicans." This party believed that confederate soldiers should be punished and that blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. The radical republicans worked to continue on with the Freedman's Bureau, but President Johnson vetoed it. The also tried to pass a civil rights bill that was also vetoed by Johnson. After Johnson vetoed this, many moderate republicans became radical republicans and later this group introduced the Reconstruction Act of 1867. 

This act removed the right to vote and seek office by "leading rebels". It also divided the south into five military districts. Each district held commanders who could employ the army as well as protect black citizens and their property. 

Map of the Military Districts

 http://unitedstateshistorylsa.wikispaces.com/The+Radical+Reconstruction+Plan   

Andersonville Prison

Andersonville Prison
Andersonville is by far the most notorious Civil War prisons. It was mostly known for horrible conditions and the cruel treatment of prisoners. Andersonville was located in what is now Andersonville, Georgia. 

http://www.bestplaces.net/city/georgia/andersonville

If you were to visit Andersonville, the things you would see would be quite gruesome  Many of the prisoners there were very thin because of the small amount of food they were fed. Many of them also became very sick. The cause of this was the contaminated water supply from the creek that ran through the prison. While there were wells at the prison, they were  were closed when prisoners to use to escape, hiding in them in the day and attempting to flee at night. 

Prisoners at Andersonville

http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Union-Soldiers-Held-as-Prisoners-of-War-at-Andersonville-Prison-Camp

Although conditions at Andersonville were horrible, prisoners did not do much to help their case. They polluted their own water source by urinating and defecating in it.  When asked to get firewood, they would try to escape, so the guards of the prison no longer let them get firewood to keep warm. They also robbed each other and formed gangs, causing unneeded violence in the prison. 

Henry Wirz was the Commander of Andersonville prison. Neither the guards nor the prisoners liked or respected him, which was one of the reasons the prison turned out to be so horrible.  After the Civil War was over, Wirz was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to death. Wirz was one of the few Confederates executed because of war crimes. 

Henry Wirz

http://murderpedia.org/male.W/w/wirz-henry-photos.htm

People often say conditions Andersonville were as awful as the Holocaust. Andersonville was liberated three months after Lee's surrender at Appomattox.

A Few More Battles...

Chickamauga
The battle of Chickamauga was fought from September 6-8, 1863, in what is now Walker county, Georgia.

 Walker County

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Georgia

In the battle of Chickamauga, the Union was led by General Rosecrans and the Confederacy by Generals Bragg and Longstreet. While the Confederates won the battle, there were more Confederate casualties than Union casualties. 

Union Blockade of Georgia's Coast 

The Union Blockade of the Coast took place from April 19, 1861, through 1865. The purpose was to block imports of needed resources and materials in order to prevent the South from thriving. The blockade was pretty successful. Although the Union did not block off all of the coast, it did block off enough to deprive the South of most imported resources. 

Map of the Union Blockade

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_blockade

The Atlanta Campaign

The Atlanta Campaign was a series of military operations and battles that took place in North Georgia during the Civil War. The Campaign involved a strategy called  the winning-by-not-losing strategy. If this strategy were to work for the Confederacy, they needed time. If the Generals of the Union would just hold off fighting until November 1865, the Northerners might have elected a Democrat to office, and he might have ended the war. This did not happen, however, and most of the battles in the campaign were won by the Union. 

Sherman's March to The Sea

Sherman's March to the Sea began with the capture and burning of Atlanta and ended with the capturing of the port of Savannah. The March last from November 15 to December 21, 1864.  Because the port of Savannah was captured right before Christmas, General Sherman telegraphed Lincoln after the capturing and said it was Lincoln's Christmas present.

Map of Sherman's March

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman's_March_to_the_Sea

The Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg

The Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was an order given by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863. The Proclamation stated that all slaves in the Confederate states were free. This did not include slave states that were not in rebellion or to the regions already controlled by the Union. The Proclamation ended up freeing 3.1 of the 4 million slaves in the United States.  

The Emancipation Proclamation

http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/EmanProc.html

Gettysburg
The battle of Gettysburg was fought on July 1 through 3, 1863, in what is now Adams County, Pennsylvania. Gettysburg was fought after Confederates won the Battle of Chancellorsville (Virginia), with an invasion of Pennsylvania by Robert E Lee and the Confederate Army. Shortly after the invasion the Union troops came and the battle began. The Union eventually won this battle. The battle of Gettysburg is considered to be a turning point in the Civil War. Before Gettysburg, the hopes of the Confederates were high, but when they lost, Lee and his troops were devastated. 

http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=13475

The Battle of Antietam

The battle of Antietam was fought from September 16-18, 1862, in present day Washington County, Maryland. It was the first battle of the Civil War in Union territory.

http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=2826

On September 17,  Union General Joseph Hooker and his soldiers launched an attack on Confederate General Robert E Lee and his soldiers.  Through the next day, the Union and Confederate soldiers attacked back and fourth. Losses were heavy for both sides, and while the battle is known as inconclusive, the Union considered it a victory. The victory gave president Lincoln a chance to give his Emancipation Proclamation, which would change the United States forever.

Video: Short History of the Battle of Antietam

Secession in Georgia and Alexander Stephens Role

On January 16, 1861, the Georgia secession convention was held in Milledgeviile. At  this convention, Congressman Alexander Stephens of Georgia gave a speech arguing that the state should remain loyal to the Union. Shortly after, Stephens was elected to the Confederate Congress and was became the Vice President of the Confederacy. The Confederate president was Jefferson Davis of Mississippi. However, shortly before the Civil War, Stephens publicly expressed his dislike for the Davis Administration.  

Alexander Stephens

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/Jefferson_Davis_Vice_Stephens.htm

South Carolina was the first state to succeed form the union on December 20, 1860. Georgia was the fourth state to succeed, on January 19, 1861.

http://msbellows-ushistory.wikispaces.com/Civil+War

The Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln- Early Life
Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Hardin County, Kentucky. In 1816, Lincoln and his family moved to Indiana. Shortly after, when Lincoln was just nine years old, his mother died of milk sickness, a bacterial infection that comes from cows. Throughout his youth, Lincoln was admired by his family as a hard worker. 

The Election
In 1860, Lincoln ran for president. He won easily because he was the only Republican, and  Democratic votes were split between two candidates. Lincoln became the 16th president with 16 states and 180 electoral votes. 

Distribution of Votes

http://www.dipity.com/Wooty/Civil-War-Timeline/

Lincoln's Success

Lincoln vowed to end slavery during his presidency, although he never directly referred to the issues during his campaign. He abolished slavery in 1863. To this day, Lincoln is known as one of our nation's greatest and most successful presidents.

  

Dred Scott Case

Dred Scott

Dred Scott was born in Virginia in 1799 as a slave to Peter Blow and was later sold to Dr. John Emerson, a military surgeon. During his time with Dr. Emerson, Scott accompanied him to all of Dr. Emerson's posts in Minnesota, Missouri and Illinois. When Dr. Emerson died, Scott was sold to John Sanford. Scott sued Mrs. Emerson and Mr. Sanford, claiming that he was a citizen of free states because he had lived there for quite some time. Scott's case went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, where seven of nine Supreme court judges ruled that slaves were not considered citizens and therefore could not sue in court. The judges also ruled that the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional.

With the 1865 ratification of the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which stated that slavery was unconstitutional, Scott and his family were finally free!

Dred Scott Portrait

http://www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/12288

Kansas- Nebraska Act

Kansas- Nebraska Act
U.S. Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which divided the Nebraska territory into the states of Kansas and Nebraska. He also championed  popular sovereignty, which was the idea that states would choose for themselves whether they would become free or slave states. Kansas voted to become a slave state, which repealed the Missouri Compromise. In January 1861, as Southern states began to secede from the Union, Congress admitted Kansas as a free state. 

Stephen Douglas

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/slavery/abraham-lincoln/stephen-a-douglas-response.htm

Compromise of 1850 and the Georgia Platform

The Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 began with the entry of California as a U.S. state. California had become highly populated because of the gold rush, but because it wanted to be admitted as  a free state, Southerners insisted on the admission of a slave state to the Union. To solve this problem, the United States makes a deal with Texas, in which the U.S. rid Texas of its debt in return for possession of Texas territory. After this, Texas territory was sorted into four states: New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada. Also around this time, the Fugitive Slave act was enacted. This law was very controversial  because it required citizens to help recover fugitive slaves, made it easier to claim slaves if found, and required federal officials to enforce the act. 

Poster Warning Fugitive Slaves

http://www.flickr.com/photos/elycefeliz/7611662426/

Georgia Platform
The Georgia Platform was Georgia's reaction to the Compromise of 1850. The Platform was drafted by Charles Jones Jenkins in Milledgeville, Georgia.

http://www.bestplaces.net/city/georgia/milledgeville

Charles Jenkins

http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-1649

The group of people supporting the Platform included Robert Toombs, Alexander Stephens, Howell Cobb and other prominent Georgians. They persuaded Georgia to accept the Missouri Compromise and promised that Georgia would remain in the Union if the Fugitive Slave act was never abolished.

Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise

The purpose of the Missouri Compromise was to prohibit slavery from growing in the U.S. following the acquisition the Louisiana territory, with the exception of the state of Missouri. On January 16th, 1820, legislation was enacted that allowed Missouri to enter the United Sates as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Also, after the Missouri Compromise went into affect, people in the north were encouraged to return runaway slaves to the south and slavery was still not prohibited anywhere. 

Map of the United Sates after the Missouri Compromise

http://teachers.henrico.k12.va.us/tucker/strusky_m/webquests/VUS6_madisonmonroe/MissouriCompromise.html

Tariffs, Nullification, and States Rights

Tariffs and Nullification
A tariff is a tax on imports. In the 1800s, Southern states opposed many tariffs imposed by the Federal government. One of these was on imports from Great Britain, an important source of imports for the South and a major market for Southern agricultural exports. U.S. Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was one of many who opposed U.S. tariffs, arguing that Southern states had the right to nullify them.

John C. Calhoun

http://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeles:John_C._Calhoun.jpeg

States Rights

States rights were a major controversy in this era. Before the Revolutionary War, states were used to being ruled by Great Britain, which was very far away. After the Revolutionary war ended, the Federal government began to make laws, and many states were worried that all of their power would be taken away by the Washington, which would harm their economies and their ability to govern themselves. 

All About Slavery

The first slaves were brought to America 12 years after Jamestown was settled. During the first years of slavery, northern slaves worked on tobacco plantations, and Southern slaves worked in marshy rice fields. Cotton plantations did not become popular until after America gained its independence. Slaves had a variety of tasks, ranging from household slavery, which including cleaning, cooking and other household tasks, to outdoor slavery, which involved working out in the cotton, rice, or tobacco fields or plantations.  

 Slaves working in Cotton fields
http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Multimedia.jsp?id=m-3347

There were also many strict slave laws, or codes. In Georgia, for example, codes prohibited slaves from reading, writing or owning land or property. Other codes prevented slaves from testifying against whites, if slaves rebelled, the price was often death, and if a master forced his slave to beat a drum and blow a horn, the master would pay a fine.

Although many were Americans supported slavery, some were against it. These people were known as abolitionists. Abolitionists were very proud of their opposition to slavery and believed that no bribe could change their views.John  Brown was one of the most determined abolitionists. He tried to raid a Federal armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, where many weapons were stored, believing that this was one way to put a stop to slavery. The raid was unsuccessful, however, and Brown and his men were captured. Brown was tried and hanged.  

John Brown, Abolitionist

http://library.byways.org/assets/81588

Many slaves believed they could prevent being sold by harming themselves. A slave would cut off two fingers, for example, to discourage buyers when he went up for action. The loss of two fingers was also a reason not to do any work. 

If a slave ran away, a master would often post a flyer announcing his escape and offering a reward for capture of the runaway. If a slave was caught, he was either whipped, or given a slave collar, which was a piece of metal worn around the neck. Slave collars had bells attached, ensuring slaves could always be heard by the master.

Runaway Slave Announcement

http://www.umbc.edu/che/tahlessons/pdf/Runaway_Slaves_From_the_Revolution_to_the_New_Republic(PrinterFriendly).pdf